Author: accreditation.biz

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AACSB and QS World University Rankings

By Dr. Vlad Krotov

In today’s increasingly competitive global educational landscape, universities from all over the world invest substantial resources in improving their positions in international ranking systems, such as QS (Quacquarelli Symonds) World University Rankings. Achieving a high rank in such systems reflects a university’s excellence in such key areas like academic reputation, research impact, and graduate employability. In addition to serving as a formal recognition of the university’s quality and reputation, these rankings influence the perceptions of prospective students, faculty, employers, and other stakeholders. Thus, a high rank within a widely recognized ranking system  helps a university to attract top student and faculty talent, secure funding, and establish global partnerships. 

International accreditations for business schools, such as the AACSB (Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business), play a pivotal role in enhancing a university’s standing in these rankings. Specifically, AACSB accreditation ensures adherence to rigorous global standards in education, faculty quality, and research output, directly contributing to metrics evaluated in QS rankings. 

QS World University Rankings Methodology

To qualify for inclusion in QS World University Rankings Methodology, a university must:

    1. Offer both undergraduate and postgraduate programs.
    2. Engage in academic work across at least two of five broad faculty areas:
      • Arts and Humanities
      • Engineering and Technology
      • Social Sciences and Management
      • Natural Sciences
      • Life Sciences and Medicine

    The QS World University Rankings evaluates qualified universities based on six key performance indicators provided below. These criteria assess various aspects of research, teaching, employability, and internationalization, ensuring a holistic view of an institution’s performance.

      1. Academic Reputation (40%): Derived from a global academic survey, where scholars identify top institutions in their fields. Reflects the perception of academic excellence.
      2. Employer Reputation (10%): Based on feedback from graduate employers worldwide, highlighting institutions that produce exceptional graduates. Represents employability and industry impact.
      3. Student-to-Faculty Ratio (20%): Indicates the quality of teaching and the level of student support, with lower ratios suggesting more personalized education.
      4. Research Citations per Faculty Member (20%): Measures the influence and quality of an institution’s research output, normalized across subject areas. Highlights the institution’s research impact.
      5. Proportion of International Faculty (5%): Assesses the institution’s ability to attract faculty from around the globe, reflecting global engagement.
      6. Proportion of International Students (5%): Measures the diversity of the student body, showcasing the institution’s appeal to students from various countries.

    These metrics collectively offer insights into a university’s strengths, enabling prospective students and stakeholders to make informed decisions.

    How AACSB Accreditation can Enhance QS World University Rankings

    AACSB accreditation can help a university improve its QS World University Rankings in the following ways:

      1. Enhanced Academic Reputation: QS rankings give significant weight to academic reputation of a university. AACSB accreditation is a prestigious and highly selective international recognition that serves as a seal of excellence in business education. Institutions with AACSB accreditation are seen as providing higher-quality education – something that can positively impact the university’s academic reputation in the eyes of peers and employers.
      2. Quality of Faculty and Research: AACSB accreditation places strong emphasis on faculty qualifications and their research output. Pursuing AACSB accreditation usually leads to improvement in faculty credentials as well as the quality and impact of their research. Research quality and impact are some of the key metrics in QS rankings. With AACSB, a university is likely to attract better-qualified faculty with a more visible and impactful portfolio of intellectual contributions, boosting its international academic profile and research impact.
      3. Student Employability: QS rankings system considers the employability of graduates as a major factor. AACSB-accredited institutions often have stronger connections and better reputation with industry and provide curricula that are more aligned with market needs. As a result, graduates from AACSB-accredited programs tend to have higher employment rates and better career outcomes, improving the university’s standing in QS employability metrics.
      4. Internationalization and Global Recognition: AACSB is a globally recognized accreditation body for business schools. Being accredited by AACSB can help an institution gain international recognition and attract international students and faculty. International diversity is a key factor in QS rankings. Thus, enhanced global visibility obtained via the “AACSB accredited”, can give a university a big boost in this area of QS rankings.
      5. Focus on Continuous Improvement: AACSB-accredited institutions are required to undergo continuous assessment and improvement processes. This focus on institutional growth, innovation, and maintaining high standards ensures that the university is constantly evolving to meet global educational trends, which positively influences multiple QS ranking factors like research impact, faculty quality, and employer reputation.
      6. Attracting High-Quality Partnerships: Universities with AACSB accreditation often have better opportunities to form partnerships with leading global institutions. Obtaining AACSB accreditation opens many partnership opportunities with some of the world’s finest business schools, allowing the institution to enhance collaboration in research, student exchanges, and faculty development. This can improve the university’s international profile and increase its overall ranking in QS.

    Synergy between AACSB and QS World University Rankings

    It is clear that that there is a strong synergy between AACSB accreditation and the QS World University Rankings. While QS rankings offer guidance and a comprehensive evaluation of a university’s performance across key metrics such as academic reputation, research impact, and employability, AACSB accreditation strengthens these areas by ensuring excellence in business education, faculty quality, and numerous institutional practices. Together, AACSB and QS World University Rankings provide a powerful framework for universities to enhance their global standing, attract top talent, and establish impactful partnerships. As the global educational landscape continues to evolve and becomes more and more competitive, leveraging such recognitions becomes essential for institutions aiming to remain competitive and deliver exceptional value to students, faculty, and stakeholders worldwide.

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    How does AACSB accreditation benefit faculty and staff?

    By Dr. Vlad Krotov

    AACSB (Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business) accreditation is widely recognized as a prestigious mark of excellence in business education. While the benefits of AACSB accreditation are often discussed in terms of institutional reputation and student outcomes, the positive impact of AACSB accreditation on faculty and staff working conditions is equally significant. Business schools that gain AACSB accreditation not only enhance their academic programs and research profiles, but also create a more supportive, rewarding, stable, and collegial work environment for faculty and staff. 

    Obtaining and maintaining AACSB accreditation can provide faculty and staff at business schools with many benefits, including: 

    Enhanced Institutional Support. The pursuit of AACSB accreditation often leads to stronger institutional support for faculty and staff initiatives, including research funding, administrative assistance, and access to various institutional resources. This support can make the working environment more conducive to professional growth and satisfaction.

    Support for Professional Development. AACSB-accredited institutions are committed to ensuring their faculty members are highly qualified and engaged in ongoing professional development. This often translates into more funding and opportunities for faculty to attend conferences, workshops, and pursue advanced research, which can enhance their careers and job satisfaction.

    Competitive Compensation and Benefits. To attract and retain top talent that can help the business school pursue its mission, AACSB-accredited schools often offer more competitive salaries and benefits packages. The prestige and importance associated with AACSB accreditation can justify higher compensation levels, which can improve overall job satisfaction and financial well-being.

    Emphasis on Research. AACSB places a strong emphasis on research and scholarly activities. Accredited schools are more likely to provide faculty with the resources, time, and support needed to engage in research, which can lead to a more fulfilling academic experience and reduce burnout associated with heavy teaching loads.

    Collaborative Work Environment. The process of achieving and maintaining AACSB accreditation often fosters a culture of collaboration and continuous improvement. Faculty and staff may benefit from a more collegial atmosphere where teamwork is valued, leading to a more positive and supportive work environment.

    Improved Facilities and Resources. To meet AACSB standards, schools may invest in upgrading their facilities, technology, research infrastructure, and learning resources. This can create a more comfortable and efficient working environment for faculty and staff, with access to modern tools and infrastructure that support their work.

    Recognition and Prestige. Working at an AACSB-accredited institution can enhance the professional reputation of faculty and staff, providing them with greater recognition in their field. This prestige can lead to increased opportunities for career advancement, both within the institution and externally.

    Balanced Workload. AACSB standards encourage a balance between teaching, research, and service responsibilities. This balance can lead to more manageable workloads for faculty, reducing stress and improving work-life balance. The focus on quality rather than quantity in teaching can also lead to smaller class sizes and more meaningful interactions with students.

    Job Security and Stability. The commitment to continuous improvement and adherence to high standards associated with AACSB accreditation can contribute to the long-term stability of the business school. This stability can translate into greater job security for faculty and staff, reducing the uncertainty that can come with working in academia.

    Access to a Global Network. Being part of an AACSB-accredited institution provides faculty and staff with access to a global network of peers, resources, and collaborative opportunities. This can enrich their professional lives and create opportunities for international collaboration, research, and exchanges.

    In conclusion, AACSB accreditation serves as a catalyst for improved working conditions for faculty and staff. By fostering a culture of continuous improvement, providing access to enhanced resources, and promoting professional development, AACSB-accredited institutions create an environment where faculty and staff can thrive. The resulting improvements in job satisfaction, work-life balance, and professional opportunities contribute to a more engaged and motivated workforce, ultimately benefiting both the business school and its most important stakeholders, such as students, employers, and the community at large. 

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    What is indirect assessment?

    By Dr. Vlad Krotov

    The term indirect assessment refers to methods of evaluating student learning and outcomes based on perceptions, reflections, and other methods that do not directly assess student knowledge or skills. Typical indirect assessment tools include alumni surveys, interviews with graduating students, employer focus groups, reviews of students’ reflective essays, etc. Indirect assessment is designed to gather data on student experiences, satisfaction, and perceived learning outside the traditional classroom environment, to better understand the effectiveness of educational programs and practices.

    AACSB standards emphasize the importance of both direct and indirect assessment in demonstrating a school’s commitment to excellence. There are several reasons why indirect assessment is important for AACSB and other accreditation agencies: 

      • Comprehensive Evaluation: Indirect assessment complements direct assessment methods (such as exams, projects, and practical demonstrations) by providing a more holistic view of student learning and program effectiveness.

      • Student Feedback: indirect assessment captures students’ perspectives on their learning experiences, which can highlight strengths and weaknesses in the curriculum, teaching methods, and overall educational environment.

      • Stakeholder Engagement: Indirect assessment involves engaging various stakeholders, including students, alumni, and employers, which can strengthen the connection between the school and its broader community. This engagement can provide valuable feedback for aligning educational programs with the needs and expectations of these stakeholders.

    In summary, indirect assessment is a crucial component of accreditation because it helps ensure that business schools are not only achieving their educational goals but also continuously improving and meeting the needs of their students and other stakeholders.

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    Predatory Academic Journals and Accreditation

    By Dr. Vlad Krotov

    Predatory journals are exploitative academic publishing platforms that charge authors high submission fees but fail to provide the legitimate services associated with reputable academic journals, such as peer review and editorial oversight. These journals often promise quick publication times and lack transparency in their operations. The term “predatory” is used because these journals prey on the need of researchers to publish their work for career advancement, academic requirement, or visibility, without actually contributing to the scholarly discourse in a meaningful way. Predatory journals pose significant challenges to the integrity and quality of academic and professional accreditation standards. In this article, we explain how to identify predatory journals and what simple strategies a business school can pursue to prevent faculty from publishing in these journals. 

    Predatory academic journals come in all shapes and sizes and are not unique to a particular field. However, there are few things that predatory academic journals share in common. Typical characteristics of predatory journals include:

      • Lack of Peer Review: They often claim to conduct peer review but either do not do it or do it superficially, failing to uphold standards of academic rigor.
      • Misleading Metrics: They may claim high impact factors and indexing in reputable databases without actual inclusion or by using misleading metrics.
      • Aggressive Marketing: They frequently use spam emails to solicit manuscripts from researchers.
      • Unclear Editorial Policies: They have vague or nonexistent editorial policies and practices, making it difficult to understand their review processes or criteria for publication.
      • Dubious Practices: They may list scholars as editorial board members without their permission or knowledge, and often have fake or non-existent contact addresses.
      • Rapid Publication: They promise rapid publication, which appeals to researchers under pressure to publish but undermines the integrity of the review process.
      • High Article Processing Charges (APCs): They charge authors high fees for publishing, often without providing the expected publication services

    Predatory journals pose significant challenges to the integrity and quality of academic and professional accreditation standards. Accreditation bodies evaluate academic programs, institutions, and professionals based on various criteria, including research output, publication quality, and contributions to the field. The issues with predatory journals impact these evaluations in several ways:

      • Dilution of Scholarly Quality: Accreditation relies on the quality of scholarly work produced by an institution or individual. Publications in predatory journals, which lack rigorous peer review, can dilute the overall quality of an institution’s or individual’s scholarly output. This makes it difficult for accreditation bodies to assess the true academic contribution and quality of research.
      • Misrepresentation of Academic Productivity: Predatory journals can inflate an individual’s or institution’s publication record, misleading accreditation bodies about the actual academic productivity and impact. This misrepresentation can lead to unwarranted accreditation status or recognition, undermining the credibility of the accreditation process.
      • Erosion of Trust: The involvement of faculty, researchers, or institutions with predatory journals can erode trust in their credibility and integrity. For accreditation bodies, associating with entities that lack discernment in publication venues can question their standards and the value of the accreditation they provide.
      • Resource Misallocation: Resources spent on publishing in predatory journals are resources wasted, as they do not contribute to the advancement of knowledge or the academic’s reputation in a meaningful way. This misallocation can affect the overall quality of education and research that accreditation bodies seek to ensure.
      • Compromised Evaluation Metrics: Accreditation often uses publication records as a metric for evaluating the quality and impact of academic work. Predatory journals, through their lack of quality control and dubious metrics, compromise these evaluation metrics, making it harder for accreditation bodies to rely on publication records as a measure of quality.
      • Difficulty in Distinguishing Legitimate Work: The prevalence of predatory journals makes it increasingly difficult for accreditation bodies to distinguish between legitimate and non-legitimate work. This requires them to invest additional resources in vetting publications, which can be both time-consuming and

    Researchers are advised to carefully evaluate the credibility of journals before submitting their work, using tools and checklists such as the ABDC List, Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), Think. Check. Submit., and Beall’s List (though it’s no longer updated, it served as a significant resource for identifying potential predatory publishers). 

    Moreover, a business school may decide to develop policies that give faculty members credit only for publications that are in journals listed in well-accepted lists, such as ABDC or Cabells. Additional quality criteria may also be applied to these publications. 

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    Does AACSB accreditation lead to higher student enrollment?

    By Dr. Vlad Krotov

    Globally, AACSB accreditation is the most prestigious quality mark. It may take many years of concentrated effort and substantial financial investment to achieve AACSB accreditation. Before embarking on this accreditation journey, many business schools wonder whether their investment will yield a tangible return, especially in terms of student enrollment. 

    Several studies have attempted to link AACSB accreditation to various measures of business school performance, including student enrollment. Cameron et al. (2023) find that receiving AACSB accreditation elevates a school’s ranking, potentially attracting more students. Additionally, Ito (2022) suggests that AACSB accreditation can increase graduate student enrollment, particularly for teaching-oriented business schools. This notion is challenged by the study by Doh et al. (2018), indicating that HBCU business schools do not always get more enrollment through AACSB accreditation.

    It can be argued that the results are mixed because it is difficult to develop a solid, longitudinal design that ties AACSB accreditation to school performance. There are many benefits of AACSB accreditation (Ito, 2022) but it is not the only variable that affects a business school’s performance. Other forces, such as demographic trends or competition, affect enrollment much more than accreditation in some markets.

    Additionally, our experience indicates that accreditation efforts can have many negative effects in the short term. Having AACSB accreditation can, for example, lead to faculty attrition (because some faculty members may not wish to adhere to higher research standards or be involved in general quality improvement) or even to a drop in student enrollment (since some students prefer schools with lower academic standards where they can earn degrees more easily). According to Cameron et al. (2023), schools pursuing AACSB accreditation have “flatter undergraduate enrollment” than those not pursuing it.

    It can be argued that AACSB accreditation is largely about creating and implementing a long-term plan for improving a business school. It’s a unique journey business schools choose to take. It’s hard to predict with certainty whether this journey will result in higher enrollment. The opposite outcome is quite possible. Dumond and Johnson (2013) suggest possible drawbacks or challenges associated with AACSB accreditation processes, such as limiting business schools’ ability to adjust to change. In some cases, business schools can make a strategic mistake by abandoning their current market in favor of one in which they have no advantage. 

    These errors in strategic planning, something that no business school is immune to, are likely to lead to lower enrollment. Peer Review Teams will often notice that a school lacks healthy enrollment and a viable financial position and require the school to address both. Unfortunately, not every business school can be successful at implementing these strategies, even with oversight from AACSB.

    References

    Cameron, M., McCannon, B. C., & Starr, K. (2023). AACSB accreditation and student demand. Southern Economic Journal, 90(2), 317-340.

    Doh, L., Prince, D., McLain, M., & Credle, S. (2018). The impact of the AACSB accreditation on enrollment growth at HBCU(historically black colleges and universities) business schools. Pressacademia, 5(2), 130-141.

    Dumond, E. J., & Johnson, T. W. (2013). Managing university business educational quality: ISO or AACSB?. Quality Assurance in Education, 21(2), 127-144.

    Ito, H. (2022). Competing through international accreditation: cost-benefit analysis and process of AACSB for a business school in Japan. International Journal of Educational Management, 36(7), 1380-1393. 

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    Policy for Ethical Use of Conversational Generative AI Chatbots in Student Assignments

    1. Introduction:

    This policy serves as a framework for the ethical use of Conversational Generative AI Chatbots (GAI Chatbots) by students in their assignments. It aims to strike a balance between harnessing the potential of these tools for learning and research while upholding academic integrity and ethical conduct. Students are encouraged to embrace the educational value of GAI Chatbots while respecting the principles outlined in this policy.

    2. Purpose:

    The purpose of this policy is to ensure that students employ GAI Chatbots in a responsible and ethical manner that does not impede their academic progress and fosters the development of critical thinking and problem-solving skills.

    3. Responsible Use:

    Students using GAI Chatbots should adhere to the following principles of responsible use:

    a. Academic Honesty: Students are expected to uphold academic integrity and honesty in their assignments. The use of GAI Chatbots should not involve plagiarism or submitting work as their own if it is primarily generated by the chatbot.

    b. Proper Attribution: If students utilize GAI Chatbots to generate content, they should appropriately attribute the assistance provided by the chatbot and make it clear that the content is generated with the help of AI.

    c. Independent Learning: GAI Chatbots can serve as educational aids, but students should not overly rely on them to complete assignments. The primary goal is for students to develop their own skills and understanding.

    4. Privacy and Data Security:

    Students should ensure that they do not share personal or sensitive information while interacting with GAI Chatbots. They should also be cautious when using chatbots that require data input, making sure they comply with privacy regulations and institution-specific policies.

    5. Contextual Applicability:

    Students should evaluate the context in which they use GAI Chatbots. These tools may be more suitable for certain assignments and less so for others. Students should assess whether using a GAI Chatbot aligns with the learning objectives of their assignment.

    6. Critical Thinking and Review:

    Students should critically review and assess the output generated by GAI Chatbots. They are encouraged to verify and refine the content provided by the chatbot to ensure its accuracy and relevance to the assignment.

    7. Collaboration and Peer Review:

    Students are encouraged to collaborate with peers and instructors to review and discuss the content generated by GAI Chatbots. Peer review and discussion can help improve the quality of work and reinforce ethical practices.

    8. Compliance with Academic Institution Policies:

    Students must adhere to the academic policies and guidelines of their respective institution regarding the use of AI tools in assignments and should be responsible for utilizing the GAI Chatbot according to these policies. This includes understanding any specific rules or expectations related to GAI Chatbot use provided by instructors for specific courses and assignments. This policy should not override any of the GAI-related rules and instructions set forth by institutions, colleges, departments, specific programs, or individual instructors. 

    9. Reporting Ethical Concerns:

    If students encounter ethical concerns related to the use of GAI Chatbots, they should report these concerns to their instructors or academic institutions for appropriate guidance and resolution.

    10. Accountability and Consequences:

    Students are accountable for their adherence to this policy. Violations of these ethical guidelines may lead to academic penalties, including failing grades or disciplinary actions.

    11. Review and Updates:

    This policy should be reviewed periodically to ensure its relevance and compliance with evolving educational standards and technological advancements.

    This policy was generated with the help of ChatGPT and can be used and distributed freely under the CC BY license.

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    Ethical and Legal Risks of Using Generative AI in Academic Research

    By Dr. Vlad Krotov

    Academic research has been transformed by the advent of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GAI). AI continues to expand the limits of what is possible for scholars as they utilize its capabilities to enhance their intellectual endeavors.  

    Using GAI in academic research has its ethical and legal risks, however. There is still a large gray area when it comes to the legality and ethics of using GAI in academic research, which researchers, legal experts, and the general public need to clarify. To navigate these uncharted waters, the academic community must tread cautiously.

    This article examines the ethical and legal risks associated with the use of GAI in academic research. Questions surrounding authorship, plagiarism, bias, transparency, and value of academic research dominate the ethical landscape. Data privacy, intellectual property rights, and copyright law are pressing legal concerns. This article explores these ethical and legal issues in more detail. 

    This article is not intended to provide legal advice or to serve as a final judgment regarding what is illegal or unethical regarding GAI use. A licensed legal professional should be consulted if you need legal advice on GAI. This article merely aims to raise awareness about the legal and ethical risks associated with academics using GAI. 

    Copyright

    Copyrighted materials are used by some GAI tools to train their models. Using GAI to create your text may result in you using copyrighted content without giving the original sources proper attribution. In addition, if a substantial portion of your text has been written by GAI, then this text isn’t your own original and creative work. As a result, you may not be able to claim copyright for your own work. When you submit your article to a journal, the situation becomes even more complicated. When an article is published, most journals require authors to transfer copyright to them. Using GAI may not grant you complete ownership of the text, so you cannot transfer your copyright. Additionally, some of the ideas in your text may have been borrowed from another author. As a result of all these legal implications, some journals and conference proceedings decided not to review articles that contained AI-generated text. 

    Data Privacy

    Research shows that Internet users trust search engines like Google and Bing with their most intimate thoughts and intentions (for example, when researching a disease or finding information about someone they know). As part of their “prompts”, academics can submit confidential or copyrighted data to GAI tools. Generally, GAI tools outline how they use user data in their privacy policies, stating that they store user information for a specific period of time. If this is the case, then you may be handling confidential or copyrighted data in an unauthorized manner by using GAI tools.

    Plagiarism

    The fact that some GAI tools rely on copyrighted text to train their models is exacerbated by the fact that these GAI tools are not very meticulous about citing their sources. GAI obtains most of its “knowledge” from various Web sources. It is possible that you are using someone’s data or ideas without giving them proper attribution when you use text generated by GAI in your own work. In academia, this is considered to be a weak form of plagiarism. 

    Authorship

    It can be questioned whether you are the author of your work if substantial portions of it were written by GAI. It is possible to compare your current writing samples, generated by GAI, with your previous work using authorship attribution tools. Your doctoral degree and tenure can be revoked if it can be proven that you did not write much of your dissertation or academic articles used in your tenure portfolio. 

    Quality

    A number of GAI literature review tools are meticulous when it comes to citing sources. However, it is unclear how these sources are selected for generating text. For example, when “writing” a literature review, GAI tools often omit most of the “seminal papers” – they probably use whatever papers are available. Sometimes, GAI produces misleading or incorrect text (e.g., citing papers that do not exist or providing incorrect factual information). These issues in your work can easily be detected by a human journal reviewer who is knowledgeable about your topic. Your reputation as an expert in your field may be damaged by all these quality issues in your work. 

    Bias and Discrimination

    Humans are still superior to AI tools when it comes to emotional intelligence. Some GAI tools may be incapable of addressing sensitive topics appropriately. When dealing with sensitive topics, humans possess a degree of emotional and social intelligence that makes them more cautious and responsible. There are also mechanisms built into GAI tools to ensure sensitive topics are handled appropriately (for example, providing a lengthy disclaimer that the question is highly controversial and may have a range of strong opinions). In spite of this, GAI tools are not sufficiently intelligent to fully understand why their responses may upset some people. As a result, some of this “insensitive” text containing implicit or explicit discrimination or bias can find its way into your own papers and books. 

    Academic Goodwill

    In the era of GAI, school teachers and college instructors are increasingly edgy and suspicious of students’ work. In a few seconds, GAI can generate an essay or a detailed case study. AI-detection tools will not be able to detect plagiarism if the text is paraphrased and edited. The academic community will also become less trusting when evaluating someone’s work. When reading somebody’s article, reviewers and editors will keep wondering: “did this person write this text?”, “am I reading creative, original ideas or is it a useless article generated by AI for the purposes of getting another ‘hit’ required for tenure or promotion? In contrast to what most people think, AI text detection tools are more reliable and valid. Despite this, these tools can still lead to false accusations against authors based on text analysis. All these issues are likely to strain the relationships among academics, especially when a researcher is not transparent about his or her use of GAI.

    Reputation of Academic Research

    The GAI can further damage the reputation of academic research among the public. There is already criticism that academic research is “useless” in many fields. By using GAI, academic papers that merely reshuffle things around and don’t offer anything new are becoming increasingly easy to generate. Some of the most popular academic journals, which are already “flooded” with submissions, are likely to receive even more submissions in the future. This will undermine their article processing capabilities and make it harder for researchers to find “gems” in the ocean of submissions. Moreover, AI-based referencing tools make it easier to generate long lists of references and citations – something some academics view as “citations spam”.  This further undermines the reputation of academic research

    Conclusion

    To mitigate these ethical and legal risks, researchers must be vigilant in upholding existing ethical standards towards academic research, complying with existing legal frameworks related to privacy and copyright, ensuring transparency of their use of GAI, and critically evaluating the outputs of GAI models. Open dialogue among the members of the academic community as well as clear guidelines can help the academic community navigate the complex landscape of GAI-powered research while preserving the integrity and respect of scholarly work.

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    Three Strategies for GAI-Proofing Your Course

    By Dr. Vlad Krotov

    Generative AI has hit business educators like a freight train. In just a few months after its launch  in 2022, ChatGPT had acquired 100 million users; 200 million users are predicted by 2023. Following the suit, Google has released its own conversational chatbot, Google Bard this year. Google Bard is powered by the same technology as Google’s search engine, so, unlike ChatGPT, it seems to be more aware of recent news and developments.

    Shortly after the release of ChaGPT by OpenAI, several professors from top business schools announced that ChatGPT was able to pass their exams. While some business school professors still act as if ChatGPT doesn’t exist, a growing number of educators believe that Generative AI is a disruptive technology that will quickly and permanently alter the century-old rules and pedagogical approaches in business education. If this is true, then educational institutions must introduce changes and create policies to ensure that students use this new, disruptive technology in a way that does not impede their learning.

    Nowadays, most students know what ChatGPT is and how to use it for completing homework assignments. How to mitigate the academic integrity issues associated with the use of GAI by students seems to be of the utmost importance to business schools, since academic integrity is important for quality of business education and is a formal requirement of all major international accreditation bodies, such as AACSB. In this article, I outline three simple strategies that business educators can use to mitigate academic integrity issues caused by GAI use. I also discuss each of these strategies’ pros and cons. 

    Punitive Strategy

    Despite the rapid advancements in GAI, Many educators choose to teach their courses “as is”. Some specify in their syllabi that the use of Generative AI for completing assignments is prohibited and punishable under the school’s Academic Integrity Policy. AI-detection tools, such as ZeroGPT, are used to monitor student submissions for AI-generated content. 

    Pros

      • Trusting students to make ethical choices and punishing those who do not is an old, simple, and, perhaps,  wise approach for ensuring academic integrity. When students want to cheat, they will find a way to do so – by using GAI, hiring someone to do their projects, or in some other way. It is important for educational institutions to have an admissions process that screens out students who are likely to cheat in the first place. Instructors should be able to trust most students and not act as investigators and prosecutors at all times. If a cheating student is caught, the punishment should be severe enough to deter others from even considering unethical behavior.  
      • A minimal amount of effort on the part of faculty and the business school is required with this approach
      • A business school may want to take this approach in the short term if they want to “wait and see” what happens with Generative AI in business education before making any important decisions or investments. 

    Cons

      • AI detection tools are often ineffective at detecting AI-generated text, even though this issue is not as serious as some educators believe. False-positives are also quite common. It is possible for students to revise AI-generated text to make it unlikely that it will be flagged by such software as ZeroGPT. Furthermore, proofreading tools such as Grammarly and WordTune can produce false positives as well. 
      • GAI is here to stay, most likely. It may not be wise to prohibit students from using GAI tools, since these tools may soon become essential in the business world. 
      • In the near future, business schools will probably discover new ways to improve student learning by implementing GAI. Those business schools that do not adopt GAI for teaching and learning may soon lag behind those that do. 

    Flipped Classroom Strategy

    It is possible to “flip” a class so that most learning and important assessments take place in a physical classroom, in front of the instructor, and with very little use of computers. For example, all exams can be administered face-to-face. Important learning exercises can be done in class as well. Major projects, while carried out outside of the class, should be presented and defended in class as well. 

    With this approach, the instructor can offer students help and make sure they are the ones doing the assignments. An instructor can ask individual students or student groups to demonstrate and explain progress on their project work in class every week. The grading weight devoted to attendance and participation can be increased as well, encouraging students to attend face-to-face classes. Students are free to use GAI tools outside of the classroom in any way they see fit (e.g. to prepare for a particular class session), but they should be able to demonstrate their competence face-to-face.

    Pros

      • Performing teaching and assessment face-to-face can be quite effective for attaining course learning objectives. 
      • It’s much easier for an instructor to detect cheating when most of the work is performed in front of him or her.

    Cons

      • While it’s possible to ask online students to take major exams or defend major term projects on-campus, this strategy is obviously not well-suited for asynchronous online courses. 
      • May not be appropriate for large classes, since this approach requires individual attention to every team and, sometimes, every student. 

    Integration Strategy

    Instead of excluding GAI from the classroom, an instructor may choose to embrace the technology in a way that actually assists teaching and learning. This is probably one of the most effective yet difficult approaches. GAI is still a new technology. Many educators lack a solid understanding of how to use this technology ethically and productively. 

    What’s clear though, is that this approach may require a radical redesign of each course’s pedagogy. GAI can be used by students to answer basic questions at the “understanding” level of Bloom’s Taxonomy, for example. In fact, students may be instructed to ask ChatGPT or Google Bard questions in relation to the subject matter of the course and then to read and evaluate the responses as a part of an assignment. Thus, the point of the assignment is to interact with GAI and not to provide “correct answers”. 

    When it comes to higher-order cognitive skills, an instructor may ask very complex and context-specific questions in a format not supported by major GAI tools in order to decrease the likelihood that GAI will be used to complete these assignments. 

    Ideally, these assignments should be in the form where GAI still lacks capability. For example, instead of just asking to analyze a case study, the instructor can ask students to create flowcharts or UML Activity Diagrams based on the case. Alternatively, students can be asked to record videos with their analyses and post them to YouTube. Thus, even if students ask GAI for assistance, the final product will largely be their own work. 

    Also, while GAI tools such as ChatGPT and Google Bard are becoming increasingly knowledgeable in many topics and increasingly capable of performing very complex cognitive tasks, they often lack knowledge and understanding of very narrow and specific contexts. For example, an instructor can ask complex questions in relation to specific local individuals or organizations that may be known only to students and the instructor. For example, let’s say there’s a small, local software company where the university is located. The instructor can talk about this company in class and then asks students to come up with strategies that are suitable for this company given its unique local context

    Regardless of which approach is chosen for assessing higher-order cognitive skills, the instructor can quickly run his or her questions and assignments through ChatGPT or Google Bard to see what kind of responses students are likely to get when they ask GAI for help. If GAI can answer these questions with ease, then additional context or complexity needs to be added to the question. ALternatively, the format of the assignment can be changed (e.g. from an open-ended response to a visual diagram). 

    Students can rephrase these specific questions as generic ones and submit them to ChatGPT. But generating a quality response will still require analyzing and accommodating the local context (and this is where most of the learning will occur) or putting the responses in a format that still entails some learning. The instructor can deduct points if the local context is not properly accounted for or the format instructions are not followed. A grading rubric can be created that evaluates students’ work based on the extent to which a solution is contextualized for a specific company or individual and the extent to which all the directions were followed. If necessary, an oral defense can be scheduled so that students can demonstrate their mastery of the material. 

    Pros

      • Since GAI is likely to become a permanent fixture in business, this approach will make students more prepared for the era of GAI
      • With this approach, the instructor can automate some of the basic tutoring tasks and focus on developing higher order cognitive skills among students via complex, contextualized, and innovative assessments. 

    Cons

      • This approach can be time consuming, since it requires quite a bit of thinking and curriculum revision
      • Many educators may lack time, expertise, or motivation for integrating GIA into their curriculum in a way that is ethical and conducive to student learning. 

    In conclusion, it can be said that Generative AI is very likely to become a permanent fixture in business education. Individual educators and business schools will have no choice but to adapt to this new, disruptive technology and find ways to accommodate in an ethical and productive fashion. The list of strategies for accommodating GAI in the classroom provided here is not perfect or exhaustive. What’s important though is that every educator and business school should have a strategy in relation to GAI, or they will quickly find themselves in a disadvantaged situation. Having a strategy in relation to GAI is better than having no strategy at all. 

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    Student academic integrity and the admission process

    By Dr. Vlad Krotov

    Academic integrity and the admission process in business schools.

    Students must adhere to the highest academic integrity standards in order to receive a quality business education. All major accreditation agencies for business schools place a great deal of emphasis on ethics. For example, ethics and integrity is one of the main guiding principles of AACSB – the most prestigious accreditation for business schools worldwide. 

    Despite that, some business schools treat ethics and academic integrity among students as an afterthought. Most business schools have student conduct rules and academic integrity policies, but these important instruments are not put to action until it’s too late. Academic integrity issues are often dealt with when they arise (usually, via a nerve-wrecking investigation process and subsequent severe punishment). This punitive “inspection approach” is time consuming, nerve-wrecking, and often unfair to students who are not fully aware of all rules and nuances of academic integrity. 

    Instead of relying on this passive approach to enforcing academic integrity, business schools should focus on proactively preventing academic integrity issues from arising. This proactive “prevention approach” should start with the admission process. Quite often business schools admit students who are not fully aware of ethical standards in relation to academic work, are not prepared academically (and, thus, are likely to “cut corners”), or simply lack personal integrity for making ethically sound judgements consistently. A business school should do its best to inform students about their standard in relation to academic integrity and reject those applicants who are not likely to adhere to these standards. 

    A business school can incorporate the following approaches into its admission process to minimize chances of academic integrity incidents among students:

    Clearly communicate expectations during the admission process.  In application materials, websites, and admission communications, clearly articulate the school’s commitment to academic integrity. Include a code of ethics or integrity statement that applicants must acknowledge and agree to.

    Conduct admission interviews. Interview all the applicants, even if their application materials look perfect. Don’t over rely on transcripts and standardized test scores to assess a candidate’s technical competency. Ask technical questions in relation to the courses that the candidate has taken to make sure that the candidate’s GPA and standardized test scores accurately reflect his or her abilities. Ask ethical dilemma questions during interviews to gauge an applicant’s ethical decision-making skills.

    Require integrity essays or statements. Ask applicants to write essays or statements about their understanding of academic integrity and their commitment to upholding it. Use these essays as a basis for evaluating an applicant’s character and values.

    Check references. Contact references provided by applicants to inquire about their character and adherence to ethical standards. This can provide valuable insights into an applicant’s integrity. If the person who wrote a reference cannot say anything specific about the applicant, this is a big “red flag”. It could be that other application materials cannot be trusted either. 

    Review personal statements. Scrutinize personal statements for any signs of academic misconduct or unethical behavior. Ask questions about personal statements during interviews. A personal statement that is plagiarized, inaccurate, or written by someone else should warrant rejection of the application. 

    Orientation and Training. Offer orientation sessions on academic integrity policies and procedures as part of the onboarding process for admitted students. Include training on proper citation, avoiding plagiarism, and ethical decision-making in an academic context.

    Faculty involvement. Involve faculty members in the admission process, especially in interviews and reviewing essays or statements. Faculty can provide valuable input on an applicant’s potential for ethical behavior and spot “early warning signs” of a potentially problematic candidate.

    By incorporating these practices into the admission process, business schools can set clear expectations for ethical behavior among students from the outset and send a strong message that academic integrity is a core value of the business school. Moreover, candidates who are likely to commit academic integrity violations due to lack of preparedness or poor personal choices can be eliminated from the program. This proactive and preventive approach helps create a culture of integrity that fosters quality of education and benefits all the stakeholders. 

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    Why do business schools move away from standardized test scores?

    By Dr. Vlad Krotov

    For decades, graduate business schools around the world have been using the GRE (Graduate Record Examination) and GMAT (Graduate Management Admission Test) scores as one of the major selection criteria. Today, some business schools are beginning to de-emphasize the importance of GRE and GMAT scores in their admission criteria, recognizing that they might not be the most accurate predictors of success in a graduate business program. Standardized test scores are being used as optional by many graduate business programs, including some of the top ones. 

    On the one hand, standardized test scores serve as a simple and reliable criteria for assessing certain skills of aspiring applicants, such as quantitative reasoning and analytical writing skills. On other hand, standardized tests have been plagued with numerous issues when used as the primary selection criteria for business school applicants. Some of the problems are discussed below:  

      • Limited Assessment: GRE and GMAT scores primarily assess quantitative and verbal reasoning skills, along with analytical writing ability. They may not fully capture an applicant’s broader skill set, such as leadership, creativity, communication, and interpersonal skills. These “soft skills” are crucial for success in business and management. It has been observed by many business schools that some applicants with outstanding test scores lack these skills and do not even seem to show a great deal of potential to improve.
      • Test Anxiety: Some students experience test anxiety, which can negatively impact their performance on standardized tests. There are some business schools that worry that requiring standardized test scores may discourage potential applicants from applying. 
      • Bias: It has been argued in research literature that standardized tests can exhibit cultural, socioeconomic, and gender biases that may disadvantage certain groups of applicants. As a result, requiring standardized tests may put certain groups at a disadvantage, creating an unfair admission process. 
      • Reduced Diversity: Relying heavily on standardized tests might inadvertently limit the diversity of the admitted student body. Candidates from non-traditional backgrounds, different industries, or with unique skill sets may not be accurately represented by these tests.
      • Preparation Disparities: Performance on GRE and GMAT can be influenced by the extent of test preparation. Students who can afford to spend time and money on test prep courses or resources might have an advantage, potentially leading to inequities in the admissions process. For example, younger students may have more time on their hands to prepare for these tests in comparison to older, working adults. Thus, this may put busy, experienced executives at a disadvantage when applying to programs that actually have experienced executives as their target market.  
      • Mismatch with Program Goals: For some business programs that focus on specialized fields or non-traditional business disciplines, GRE and GMAT scores might not align well with the specific skills and knowledge required for success in those areas.
      • COVID-19 Disruptions: The COVID-19 pandemic has caused disruptions in test administration, including cancellations and changes to the testing format. This has prompted some schools to temporarily  or permanently waive standardized test requirements.
      • Cheating: While companies administering standardized tests take numerous precautions to protect the integrity of the examination process, some students still manage to cheat on these exams. In the COVID-19 era, many standardized tests were administered online, which exacerbated the issue. Admission professionals and program directors routinely come across applicants with “sky high” test scores who appear to lack basic quantitative and verbal skills. Some graduate business programs choose to interview all the applicants to verify their skills and credentials “in person”. 

    Given these challenges, many business schools are reevaluating the role of GRE and GMAT scores in their admissions process and considering more holistic approaches that consider a wider range of factors when evaluating applicants. Some business schools are moving towards more holistic admission approaches, considering factors like work experience, recommendation letters, interviews, and personal statements. Overreliance on GRE/GMAT scores might overshadow these valuable insights into an applicant’s suitability for the program.

    While many accredited business schools do require standardized test scores as a part of their admission process, it should be noted that some of the most prominent accreditation agencies for business schools, such as AACSB, do not explicitly require standardized test scores to be used in business school admission. An accredited business school is typically required to have a formal admission process to select applicants who are likely to master the program learning outcomes. Therefore, accreditation agencies emphasize overall education quality rather than specific selection criteria.